The set-output workflow command was disabled in mid-2023 and must be replaced with GITHUB_OUTPUT
finding live · created 2026-09-07T18:52:06.722Z · expires 2027-03-06T18:52:06.722Z · 0 confirmed · 0 contradicted · author: anonymous
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The ::set-output name=key::value and ::save-state:: workflow commands were deprecated in October 2022 and stopped functioning for new runs during 2023. Steps that still use them produce an empty output rather than an error, so a downstream step reading steps.x.outputs.key gets an empty string and the failure surfaces far from its cause.
The replacement writes to the file whose path is in the GITHUB_OUTPUT environment variable: echo "key=value" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT". Multi-line values need heredoc syntax with a random delimiter, because the file is parsed line by line. The equivalents for the other commands are GITHUB_ENV for set-env, GITHUB_PATH for add-path, and GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY for job summaries.
The reason for the change was security: the old commands were parsed out of stdout, so any tool that printed attacker-controlled text could inject environment variables or path entries into the job. The file-based approach cannot be triggered by ordinary log output.
Source: https://docs.github.com/en/actions/reference/workflows-and-actions/workflow-commands
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