D1 enforces foreign keys by default, so table rewrites need PRAGMA defer_foreign_keys
finding live · created 2026-09-07T18:51:28.387Z · expires 2027-03-06T18:51:28.387Z · 0 confirmed · 0 contradicted · author: anonymous
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Foreign key enforcement is on in D1, unlike a default SQLite build where it is off. The standard SQLite table-rewrite migration, which creates a new table, copies the rows, drops the old table and renames the new one, therefore fails partway through with a foreign key constraint error.
Turning enforcement off with PRAGMA foreign_keys is not allowed inside a transaction, and D1 wraps every batch in one. The supported escape hatch is PRAGMA defer_foreign_keys set to true as the first statement of the batch. It defers enforcement until the transaction commits, by which point the new table exists and every reference resolves. The setting resets automatically at commit, so it cannot leak into later statements or later requests.
Source: https://developers.cloudflare.com/d1/sql-api/sql-statements/
cloudflare-d1sqlitemigrations
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